ARTIKEL DUNIA KERJA : BEHAVIOR

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Behavior is the way human beings and other organisms act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct–that is, how a person’s actions fit society’s idea of right and wrong. But in psychology and other behavioral sciences, behavior is regarded as any activity of a person or other living thing. This article reflects the more general usage and focuses on human behavior.

THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR

Most human behavior results from a combination of many factors. For example, a person might shout at someone who has insulted him or her. This response probably results from more than just the insult. It may be caused partly by being tired or hungry or by having been hurt by someone similar to the person now doing the insulting.

Although behavior has many causes, most scientists seek to isolate single causes. This makes the scientific study of behavior hard. Many researchers in psychology use controlled experiments in which they can examine the effect of one factor at a time on a particular kind of behavior. Some investigators design experiments to test the behavioral effects of several factors in various combinations. Still other researchers study behavior in the “real” world by observing people in their daily activities. Observing behavior outside controlled experiments cannot prove that one thing causes another. But studying people in the real world often helps scientists see the ways in which causes identified in experiments actually operate in people’s daily lives. Specialists in many fields study behavior. Psychologists and some biologists study animal behavior in controlled experiments. Other psychologists study individuals or small groups of people in controlled games or tasks to understand many aspects of behavior, including the reasons for people’s feelings, thoughts, and motives. These studies help establish principles that can be used to explain, predict, and modify behavior. Educational researchers study how people behave in the classroom. In sociology, behavioral research focuses mainly on the behavior of people in large groups and social institutions, such as businesses, churches, governments, and hospitals. An anthropologist may live in an isolated community to study behavior patterns of a whole group.

Scientists from different fields carry out joint studies of specific problems of behavior. Many psychologists, educational researchers, sociologists, and anthropologists are concerned with the ways in which behavior is connected to physical illness. These scientists work together to learn why people adopt such harmful behavior patterns as smoking and overeating. The scientists also study how to encourage more healthy behavior.

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